A study to determine how managers and leaders can motivate a multicultural staff

Cox and Beale (1997 refered to Harvey and Allard 2005) characterize decent variety as a gathering of individuals in a social framework that has diverse gathering ties. Then again, Thomas (1999 refered to Harvey and Allard 2005:p3) characterizes decent variety including contrasts as well as likenesses, demonstrating that assorted variety is â€Å"individuals who are distinctive somehow or another and comparable in others†.As it was referenced previously, decent variety in a workforce remembers representatives with an assortment of foundations for terms of race, sex, training, sexual direction among others. This examination will be centered around the comprehension of a social differing workforce with the point of analyzing its impacts on the board styles.For this, it is important to call attention to some significant definitions and subjects that are pertinent to the executives style in a worldwide and heterogeneous business condition to persuade representatives. Hofstede, Trom penaars and Hall and Hall are three of the most significant and huge givers in what culture and working environment contrasts respect (Mullins, 2005).General Overview and History of the TopicThe expression overseeing decent variety is these days getting increasingly essential to associations, not just in light of the fact that they are keen on differing gatherings or they are in the know regarding the Equal Opportunities enactment and approaches, but since they are confronting significant provokes identified with the administration and improvement inside an assorted workforce so as to get by in today’s worldwide commercial center (Edwards, 1991 refered to Henderson 1994).Ten years prior, most of associations didn't consider decent variety in the work environment with the aim of having profit by it. Today, a huge level of associations exploit assorted variety activities to upgrade authoritative execution and generally significant, they are focused on it (Berrios, 2003 refered to Liberman, 2003).According to Mor Barak (2005), overseeing decent variety is essentially to unite representatives from various foundations. In any case, this definition doesn't consider the impact that it may have on the executives behaviours.According to Harvey and Allard (2005), decent variety can influence people’s associations in the working environment since it requires changes not just in the manner individuals cooperate inside one another, yet additionally changes in the usefulness of the association, thus in the business’ performance.Rationale For The StudyManaging assorted variety is a reality that all Multinationals and International organizations are confronting. Most associations these days are adjusting projects to deal with a socially different workforce so as to satisfy their targets and addition place in the worldwide serious commercial center, benefiting as much as possible from its representatives potential.Globalisation is one reason laborers are m oving across outskirts, expanding the heterogeneity of associations and advancement of multifaceted cooperation so as to improve unions that go past contrasts, for example, race, sex, and others (Harris et al, 2004).Not going a lot further, the European Union is the most significant wonder of social assorted variety that has occurred over the most recent 20 years. With 25 unique nations as individuals where every one of them has various societies, the EU has confronted the difficulties that globalization has acquired request to arrive at basic destinations, for example, empowering development and business speculation through Union character and national decent variety (European Union, 2006).In the mid 21st century, associations have experienced significant changes identified with this pattern of globalization where not just factors, for example, worldwide serious weight and business exercises have occurred, yet in addition the assorted variety of human capital from all around the gl obe where multifaceted communication has been in extension (Mullins, 2005).Therefore, it is significant that these organizations recognize their methodologies while overseeing social contrasts so as to have the correct chances to increase upper hand (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003).Nevertheless, there are likewise a few dangers than can get distinction of societies the work environment or business exercises; therefore, it is essential that associations comprehend that various societies execute techniques in an unexpected way (Pooley, 2005; Adler, 1983 refered to Miroshnik, 2002).Furthermore, and being progressively explicit, the administration of these ethnically different workforce has been on the spot of numerous creators. As Tayeb (1996; p180-181) says â€Å"the initial phase in the administration of a various workforce is to perceive and esteem such diversity†, at that point he contends that â€Å"once the assorted variety is perceived, the subsequent stage is to guarantee that it is adequately used and handled†.In this case, using those distinctions adds to a compelling administration, along these lines to bring open doors for authoritative learning and development making upper hand in the worldwide commercial center (Schneider and Bardoux, 2003; Mor Barak, 2005).To increase this, supervisors must have the required aptitudes to deal with a multicultural workforce, this incorporates, being able to perceive and acknowledge social contrasts between their laborers just as coordination, collaboration and correspondences (Lane et al, 1997; Ravlin et al refered to Earley and Singh, 2000).Significance and the Importance of the StudyManaging socially differing workforce is these days a test for universal administrators. On one hand, decent variety speaks to the two contrasts and likenesses that exists on people and which cause them to be remarkable starting with one then onto the next (Buelens et al, 2002); and then again Parekh (2000) characterizes cul ture as â€Å"a arrangement of convictions and practices as far as which a gathering of individuals comprehend, direct and structure their individual and aggregate lives†.Thus, social assorted variety is an assortment of social contrasts that requires mindfulness, comprehension and acknowledgment of those distinctions by administrators, benefiting as much as possible from them so as to increase constructive results (Scarborough, 2001; Littrell, 2002; Harris et al, 2004; Smith and Peterson, 2005).Cultural contrasts may have a few impacts in the manner chiefs oversee and inspire their socially various group, and those ways or styles that are done in one culture are hard to be executed in another because of the distinction of customs, methods of getting things done and estimations of that culture (Hofstede refered to Evans et al refered to Jackson, 1995).Therefore, further examination is prescribed to be created to limit social stun in the executives which could influence busine ss execution. In any case, this examination has been done to offer a state-of-the-art wellspring of data about multicultural workforce and its effects on the executives style to rouse representatives, which will be executed through auxiliary research.Hence, factors, for example, social assorted variety and the board style ought to be broke down top to bottom so as to fathom what may oblige administrators of any worldwide association to alter systems to keep up the business routed to its objectives.In this case, there have been different examinations progressively identified with the impact or effect of hierarchical and national culture on the board styles and in spite of the fact that overseeing decent variety is a subject that has been explored for different creators, it very well may be said that overseeing and propelling a socially various workforce is a relative new approach.Therefore, the intention is to do scholastic exploration by considering the related existing writing audi ts to dissect and comprehend the impact of a multicultural workforce in the administration styles.Finally, an optional point of this examination is to urge individuals to take comparable examination to offer valuable cutting-edge sources that can support the two associations and specialists to recognize what's going on in universal business and what powers are affecting the progressions inside associations. An examination to decide how directors and pioneers can rouse a multicultural staff Cox and Beale (1997 refered to Harvey and Allard 2005) characterize decent variety as a gathering of individuals in a social framework that has diverse gathering ties. Then again, Thomas (1999 refered to Harvey and Allard 2005:p3) characterizes assorted variety including contrasts as well as similitudes, showing that decent variety is â€Å"individuals who are distinctive here and there and comparable in others†.As it was referenced previously, assorted variety in a workforce remembers representatives with an assortment of foundations for terms of race, sex, instruction, sexual direction among others.This study will be centered around the comprehension of a social various workforce with the point of analyzing its effects on the board styles.â For this, it is important to bring up some significant definitions and themes that are applicable to the board style in a universal and heterogeneous business condition to propel employees.Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hall and Hall are thr ee of the most significant and critical patrons in what culture and working environment contrasts respect (Mullins, 2005).a)â â â â â General Overview and History of the TopicThe expression overseeing assorted variety is these days getting progressively essential to associations, not just on the grounds that they are keen on different gatherings or they are in the know regarding the Equal Opportunities enactment and arrangements, but since they are confronting significant provokes identified with the administration and advancement inside a differing workforce so as to make due in today’s worldwide commercial center (Edwards, 1991 refered to Henderson 1994).Ten years back, most of associations didn't consider decent variety in the work environment with the aim of having profit by it. Today, an immense level of associations exploit assorted variety activities to upgrade authoritative execution and generally significant, they are focused on it (Berrios, 2003 refered to Lib erman, 2003).According to Mor Barak (2005), overseeing decent variety is fundamentally to unite workers from various foundations. How

How Do Employees Of XXX Perceive the Effectiveness of the Companys Research Paper - 1

How Do Employees Of XXX Perceive the Effectiveness of the Companys Staff Appraisal System - Research Paper Example Considering the examination question, what comprises a powerful execution evaluation should be resolved first, so as to acknowledge, relate to and understand staff discernments. Self-awareness is an important component for both individual and authoritative advantages, and execution examinations are the best methods for distinguishing the preparation needs of staff, just as being an orderly system for assessing the norms of staff execution, deciding pay rates and progressions and identifying any elements that encroach on staff viability. A successful evaluation framework is one that thinks about social qualities (Feng, Foster and Healing), that is seen by staff as being reasonable and satisfactory, that is a complementary participation among staff and the board and one that is fitting to day by day obligations (Duraisingam and Skinner, 2005). Such a framework cultivates staff fulfillment and inspiration. Various factors other than execution evaluation techniques must be viewed as when building up another and compelling framework; different components that may clarify staff impression of individual examinations are decency and social mindfulness. Kavanagh, Benson and Brown (2007) examine hypothetical help for execution examination forms and clarify that such help is confirm in ‘control hypothesis and social trade theory’ (p.134). Procedure control hypothesis recommends that staff view of decency are identified with the level of control every representative can utilize inside the procedure (Konovsky, 2000, p.493 refered to in Kavanagh, Benson and Brown, 2007). Social trade hypothesis, then again, alludes to ‘relationships that involve unknown future obligations’ (Kavanagh, Benson and Brown, 2007, p. 134), wherein the manner in which the board treats representatives is of centrality. Decency, along these lines, might be seen corresponding to the measure of cont rol a representative has inside the procedure and the manner by which their appraiser handles the process.â

Mountains Beyond Mountains Free Essays

In the book, Mountains Beyond Mountains by Tracy Kidder, Paul Farmer made and keeps on having a significant effect on the planet. He was incredibly fruitful as a result of the assistance he got from individuals who encompassed him. Accomplices In Health (PIH), Farmer’s association, offers medicinal services to individuals who can't bear the cost of it and treatment to those with tuberculosis and AIDS. We will compose a custom paper test on Mountains Beyond Mountains or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Despite the fact that he was an establishing backer to the achievement of Partners In Health, Farmer would not have achieved all that he managed without the guide from others. Typically, it takes a gathering of individuals with similar objectives so as to roll out an improvement on the planet. Not every person on the planet can drop his/her whole life and put as much exertion into sparing the world as Paul Farmer did. Be that as it may, he had many committed individuals who helped him. Without Ophelia Dahl, Tom White, and Jim Yong Kim, Paul Farmer would not have been close to as fruitful as he is today. Ophelia Dahl relinquished a lot to make Partners In Health the achievement it is. Ophelia met rancher when she was only eighteen years of age filling in as a volunteer for Eye Care Haiti. Ophelia and Farmer began to look all starry eyed at while both in Haiti. The two of them chose their relationship was not going to work because of the measure of time Farmer spent helping other people. She understood that her needs as his better half would hinder his craving to be the best specialist that he could be. In a letter that Ophelia kept in touch with Paul she stated, â€Å"The characteristics I love in you-that attracted me to you-likewise make me despise you: to be specific your unswerving pledge to poor people, your boundless calendar and your huge empathy for others† (Kidder 66). This statement demonstrates how much Farmer put himself before others and set his own life last on his need list. Ophelia portrayed Paul Farmer as somebody whom is a delight to work around. She clarified there is consistently an approach to abstain from being a spectator since Farmer continually needs assistance. In light of that, Ophelia helped start Partners In Health and still deals with the association today. Tom White was likewise a basic part in the beginning and duration of Partners In Health. Kidder composed, â€Å"Some of the money originated from awards however the majority of it from private gifts, the biggest from a Boston designer named Tom White, who gave millions over the years† (Kidder 22). White was an affluent man who possessed a development firm in Boston and helped Farmer get enough cash so as to begin the clinic that he thought had a lot of potential. He met Paul Farmer when Farmer was all the while preparing to be a specialist and the a great many dollars he gave bolstered Partners In Health for quite a long while. In spite of the fact that Tom White didn't straightforwardly deal with any of the patients, he spared a large number of lives because of his liberality. Without his cash there would have been various shocking passings that could have been treated with only a couple of provisions. Kidder clarifies, â€Å"Farmer and his staff of network wellbeing laborers treated most tuberculosis patients in their cottages and spent between $150 a $200 to fix a simple case† (Kidder 22). In this manner, this statement demonstrates what number of lives Tom White actually spared with the a great many dollars he set forth. Jim Yong Kim is the thing that we would call Paul Farmer’s â€Å"partner in crime† in completing Farmer’s beliefs in medication. Kim was an organizer of Partners In Health with Farmer. He worked alongside Farmer and is likewise a Brigham specialist who places quite a bit of his life into sparing patients with tuberculosis and AIDS. Rancher likewise assumed a conspicuous job in relieving a few instances of AIDS and HIV through World Health Organization. Notwithstanding his assistance in Haiti, Kim additionally began a center in Peru to help fix extreme instances of tuberculosis. In Peru, he made a treatment program for multidrug-safe tuberculosis. He effectively comprehended numerous tuberculosis cases in Peru and demonstrated to numerous it is conceivable to fix extreme cases that may appear to be untreatable. Kim still keeps assisting with Partners In Health and adding to the growing clinical field. Without the assistance of these people, Paul Farmer would not have achieved close to as much as he did. The more help and help that one has the more objectives they are probably going to achieve. In spite of the fact that Dahl, White, and Kim might not have been as extraordinary as Farmer they despite everything changed numerous lives. They made associations that despite everything stand today and keep on helping wiped out dc-=-individuals. In the event that everybody helped somebody only once eventually in their day like Farmer did, an ever increasing number of lives could be changed. Step by step instructions to refer to Mountains Beyond Mountains, Papers

Social Engineering ( Examining the latest scams) Essay

Social Engineering ( Examining the most recent tricks) - Essay Example They might be known as the approved laborer by having various kinds of earnest issue; social designers often rely upon the standard worry of individuals and on their flaws. Claim to narcissism, solicitation to control, and obsolete addressing are exemplary social building techniques (TechTarget, 2009; Allen, 2006). The idea of social designing is the utilization of getting mystery data through treatment of legitimate clients. A social architect will ordinarily use the Internet or telephone to trick somebody into unveiling secretes information just as data or, more than likely securing them to play out whatever isn't legal or against the ordinary guidelines. Through this procedure, social designers utilize the standard inclination of an individual to keep confidence on their promise, generally than utilizing PC security holes. What's more, it is typically settled on that â€Å"clients are the delicate link† in wellbeing just as this standard is the thing that figures social des igning practicable (TechTarget, 2009; Allen, 2006). This paper presents a complete examination of the possibility of social building. In this situation this examination is expected to evaluate a portion of the principle electronic tricks those make security a lot harder to oversee in capable way. This examination is meant to evaluate a portion of the prime and ongoing tricks with respect to social designing worldview. This paper will likewise survey fundamental assaulting zones alongside conceivable counter strategies to make sure about the social building assaults. Social designing is on a very basic level the strategy of taking induction to the frameworks, systems, structures or probably information by utilizing the human mental qualities, before breaking in or at the end of the day utilizing the handy hacking techniques. For example, instead of endeavoring to discover programming defect, a social designer may call a specialist in addition to misrepresentation like an IT bolster individual, endeavoring to mislead the laborer into

Benhams Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Benhams Manufacturing - Essay Example This will affect on expanding the income of the organization. A similar will occur if Benhams producing puts extra funds in their ventures. This implies improvement of the status of distinct advantage will work upgrade the seriousness of the organization. In reference with the contention from various authoritative savants, it is obvious that the degree of expected yield from representatives is very important in driving every other asset (Lloyd-Jones and Lewis 2008). This is the purpose for the developing criticalness of making an opposition advantage through representative preparing and improvement. The training is very costly, yet the resultant item centers around long haul benefits (Sadler 2011). Benhams assembling can exceptionally profit by preparing in reference with the above contention. Among the exceptional preparing, areas in money is cost. The preparation will likewise over the test identified with accuracy underway. On the off chance that representatives learn on the advantage of limiting cost, both immediate and circuitous, the organization will decrease overheads among different expenses. This will significantly affect the organization following the decrease of costs (Sadler 2011). Denying representatives the opportunity to get to new data that identifies with their line of specialization is a perilous technique. This will make the organization linger behind as their aptitudes don't meet those of the present market, in this manner not serious. Nonetheless, the preparation procedure is costly, and this contrarily influences the company’s development and improvement. Cash that could have been utilized for the company’s redesigning is coordinated to the preparation program. It a tedious technique, and this outcomes to a destruction in the measure of yield delivered by the organization. Working hours are planned for the preparation program, and this consequently reflects in the profits. Planning time for all representatives to

Review Of The Day After Tomorrow Showcasing The Global Warming Effects - 825 Words

Review Of The Day After Tomorrow Showcasing The Global Warming Effects (Movie Review Sample) Content: First name Last nameProfessor nameCourse name8 May 2018The Day after TomorrowGlobal warming is one of the most common topics of debate nowadays. However, it is a serious issue the world is facing. In order to aware the people about this issue, several mediums are used to convey the ill effect of global warming. Movie making is one of the best and suitable medium for this issue as it covers a huge portion of the population of the world. This report is all about one of the movies based on the issue of global warming. The day after tomorrow is a tragedy based movie which was directed by Roland Emmerich featuring Dennis Quaid, Jake Gyllenhaal, Ian Holm, Emmy Rossum, Sela Ward in the lead roles CITATION Com04 \l 1033 (Common Sense Media). This sci-fi thriller movie was released across the globe in the year 2004.The movie begins when a paleoclimatologist named Jack Hall found that the world has to face the hazardous effects of climate change and global warming CITATION Com 04 \l 1033 (Common Sense Media). Getting aware of this, he tried to aware the Vice president of US and officials but none of them was eager to take his conclusion as a serious matter. Major climatic changes were seen that indicated something worse is going to happen in future. The changes in the environment were the outcomes of global warming. The movie revolves around the actions taken by Jack Hall to save the people from this disaster. Further, the movie displays the destruction caused by several disasters like hurricanes, earthquake, storms etc. at different places of the world CITATION Com04 \l 1033 (Common Sense Media). The visuals of such scenes are mind-blowing and give goose bumps to the audience. The movie portrays great destruction and violence that may influence kids. One of the sequences was visualized that involved massive bloodshed and injuries that might be terrifying and disturbing to the kids and may affect them adversely CITATION IMD04 \l 1033 (IMDb). So it requ ires parents cooperation and support while watching the movie so that impact can be minimized as much as possible. However, the movie also showcases the situations where the characters sacrifice for each other and show the love, affection, and care that creates a positive impact on viewers. One of the sequences shows the New York City getting frozen with heavy snow due to the super storms and a massive decline in the temperature. The special effects applied throughout the movie makes the story realistic, and the audience finds it relatable enough that it keeps them engaged. Several sequences of the movie were so powerful and breathtaking that it leaves a great impact on the minds of viewers even after the movie gets over CITATION Rot04 \l 1033 (Rotten Tomatoes). The visuals and graphics used to make the movie alive and real which catch the attention of the audience and is the plus-point for the movie. The movie was also awarded BAFTA Award in 2005 for its great visuals effects CITA TION IMD04 \l 1033 (IMDb). Later on, when the dest...

Daoism and Confucianism Research Paper - 550 Words

Daoism and Confucianism (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:Daoism and ConfucianismDao is a supreme being that is acknowledged of all good aspects and is aid to be Holy. Dao is perceived to be the creator of the heaven and the earth. Dao could also be referred to as a person without desire. The second paragraph mainly speaks of the beauty of a person and how a person could differentiate between something beautiful and ugly, skilful and unskilful. The paragraph highlight issues of capability that human beings differentiating them by with different subjects so to emphasize how power will never stop to be but no one realizes. The third part of discusses how people have been blinded by the government such that those who have knowledge are kept from letting those who have no knowledge. The government keeps people in rotations such that they are kept working for the government as the government feeds them through salaries.Dao is described a s an empty vessel who no one knows where he came from and the writer of the poems say that they should be ready for anything to clear their doubt and also bring out the complications that they may have come up. The fifth refers to Dao as he describes his emptiness as he addresses and ass no one should intervene just the people responsible should. The sixth part describes how they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t lose any hope as they named the mystery.The second passage describe...

Essay on Cold War and Us Diplomacy - 1701 Words

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy politic 300 07/31/2011 The Cold War Diplomacy When most people think of President Kennedy’s Diplomacy efforts, they will often refer to situations that were resolved using the doctrine of flexible response. This is when the military and White House planners implemented a policy that offered them a range of options to choose from: in dealing with a host of threats. These included: the increased use of conventional forces to small and large nuclear weapons. As, this was based on two main principals most notably: destroying the enemy’s ability to make retaliatory strikes against American interests and only attacking the cities along with other population centers as a last resort. (Cohen, 1986, pp.†¦show more content†¦Once the doctrine of flexible response was introduced, this gave American military planners greater amounts of flexibility in dealing with a wide variety of threats. At which point, they could place conventional forces in select regions of the world. While at the same time , they had a wide variety of nuclear deterrents to choose from including: small and longer range strike capabilities. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, this helped to keep the Soviet leadership guessing about what would be the final outcome of any kind of nuclear showdown with the US. As, they had the ability to strike at regional targets from: Turkey or Western Europe. At the same time, they had long range capabilities with the B -52 boomers that could leave the United States and hit targets deep within Russia. (Lockwood, 1999, pp. 83 – 99) Once the quarantine was imposed on Cuba, is when the Soviet Union would challenge Kennedy’s resolve. Yet, they did not want to breach the line that was established, as they were fearful that this could result in greater amounts of damage inflicted on the Soviet Union in comparison with America. 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Globalization Outsourcing and Offshoring Software...

In recent years off shoring of high paying service jobs to counties such as India have received a lot of media attention. What are the long and short-term effects of these changes in terms of employment, income distribution and economic growth? Is the outsourcing of services a different phenomenon than simply importing steel? Economic theory and past history point to the fact the trade provides net economic gains but if it also redistributes wealth, affects worker employment the short run and wages in the long run. It is easy to find literature that tells of the growth of the American economy with the increased use of outsourcing. It is however a different story when one asks the question who is reaping the benefit of the new lower†¦show more content†¦In the past three years it is estimated that off shoring accounted about .5 million people laid off by Goldman Sachs. Forrester projects that the number of outsourced jobs will grow to from about 400,000 to 3.3 million by 2015. 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Globalization 3.0, beginning in 2000 flattened the playing field evenRead MoreFirst Social Impact On Changing Career Models1453 Words   |  6 Pagesupward, linear series through one or two firms or consist stable employment in one progression. Terjesen (2006) claims that globalization and technology have changed the essence of careers and of the psychological employment agreement which was initially regarded as exchange of employee loyalty for job security, and this contract has moreover been damaged by the pressure of outsourcing, particularly when employees are required to train individuals from overseas who are possibly take their jobs. A studyRead MoreOutsourcing and the US Economy Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesOutsourcing – Dont Get Bangalored? As the world has gotten â€Å"smaller† in terms of trade, outsourcing has become a hot topic in much political and economic debate in the United States. An Associated Press-Ipsos poll in May 2004, found that 69 per cent of Americans thought that outsourcing hurts the US economy while only 17 per cent thought it helped . President Bush’s chief economic advisor Greg Mankiw has stated â€Å"outsourcing†¦is something that we should realize is probably a plus for the economyRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essays1584 Words   |  7 Pagesinterdependent world economy is the outcome of the process of Globalization. Various definitions of Globalization are available. As per Block (2004), in his research paper, has defined globalization as â€Å"Intensification of world-wide social relationships which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by distant events and, in turn, distant events are shaped by local happenings.† The IMF (2008) claims that globalization is a result of advancement in technologies and modernizationRead MoreEssay on World is Flat1633 Words   |  7 Pages After reading The World is Flat, I would have to say that I believe the world is flat as according to the author Thomas L. Friedman. Globalization has taken the world by storm and everything that we do in this world is done with technology. Ever since the world was introduced to the World Wide Web in 1993, we have spiraled in a new direction at a rapid speed, and we have yet to slow down. Technology has advanced so much that nowadays we do not need actual people to run a business and at that

The Ongoing Study of Alzheimers Disease Essay - 775 Words

The Ongoing Study of Alzheimers Disease Article Summary Imagine your greatest fear of a loved one growing old. Could it be a fear of your dearest going through tremendous pain and suffering, or perhaps just the fear of him or her dying? Now imagine that this loved one, with whom you have shared many wonderful memories, no longer recognizes you. It kind of worries you a bit now, doesn’t it? Although Alzheimer’s disease can be very hard on those stricken and their families, do not feel as if your case is a hopeless one. There are studies being conducted as to the cause and possible prevention methods of this disease. One such study has taken place at the convent of the School Sisters of Notre Dame on Good Counsel Hill in†¦show more content†¦In their first set of conclusions, they confirmed prior studies by noticing that those further educated were less likely to be susceptible. Researchers later found that essays written in young life showing low idea density and grammatical complexity to be ve ry strong indicators of a later problem with Alzheimer’s. They also found several factors unrelated to the subjects’ writings which could contribute to the dementia of Alzheimer’s disease. There was evidence that those who had suffered from strokes and head trauma showed signs of dementia. They also attributed low levels of folic acid in subject blood to Alzheimer’s patients. Lastly, Snowdon and fellow researchers studied the emotions of the nuns. They found that those expressing more positive emotions were more likely to live longer than those expressing negative emotions. To sum up, the Nun Study is breaking new important ground on Alzheimer’s disease. Background Knowledge The book doesn’t delve too deeply into the causes or prevention methods of Alzheimer’s disease. It states that â€Å"[p] eople with Alzheimer’s disease, a devastating condition that leads to memory loss, personality changes, and eventual disintegration of all physical and mental abilities, lose brain cells responsible for producing acetylcholine, and this deficit mayShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease : My Grandmas Killer1510 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease: My Grandma’s Killer Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by gradual cognitive decline that beings with the inability to create recent memories or thoughts which then proceeds to influencing all intellectual functions (Mayeux Stern, 2012) . Alzheimer’s disease leads to premature death and the dependence of someone for daily life functions. (Mayeux Stern, 2012) If effects an estimated 5.5 million people in the United States and 24 million people worldwide (Mayeux SternRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Neurological Thief822 Words   |  4 Pages Alzheimer’s Disease: The Neurological Thief Ashley E. Campbell Psychology 210 October 31, 2015 Malvereen Harris Alzheimer’s Disease: The Neurological Thief It is a wicked disease that slowly steals our loved ones memories, independence and eventually their lives. While no one knows the exact cause of Alzheimer’s Disease, it is the leading cause of dementia related deaths to date. It was first described in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer, a German psychologist and neurologist. Alzheimer’s DiseaseRead MoreA Research Study On Alzheimer s Disease1394 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in people over the age of 65, as determined by the (Center for Disease Control, 2015). The number of people living with AD is predicted to triple by 2050. The risk of developing Alzheimer’s rises exponentially with age. â€Å"Currently, verification of an AD diagnosis occurs through postmortem detection of pathology in neural tissue, specifically extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellularRead MoreThe National Alzheimer s Project Act1 260 Words   |  6 PagesA major devastating and debilitating disease, Alzheimer s is a public health issue that affects not only the United States but also countries all around the world. In 2010, there were 35.6 million people living with Alzheimer’s. Researchers and medical personnel expect this number to triple by the year 2050. The disease is costing America an exorbitant amount of money and has become a burden on families, caregivers, medical personnel, the healthcare system, and the nation’s economy. If attentionRead MoreAbout Alzheimer’s Disease Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are approximately 5.4 million people living with Alzheimer’s. Every sixty-nine seconds a person is diagnosed. This is an ongoing issue, and unless something is done, sixteen million people will be affected by 2050 (Latest). Alzheimer’s is a systemic disease, meaning that it affects more than one part of the body. There are three major systems that are affected by Alzheimer’s. The first involves the Central Nervous System. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord,Read MoreAlzheimers Disease - the Silent Killer1089 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease – The Silent Killer â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"Do I know you?† Alzheimer’s disease is a very traumatic and disheartening disease that can affect loved ones in our families and relationships. I will be discussing the causes and prevention of this disease even though scientific facts and research are still being tested for validity. Alzheimer’s disease was first diagnosed to be a medical condition back in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer identified this mental illnessRead MoreThe Leading Cause For Dementia, Alzheimers Disease1343 Words   |  6 PagesAs the leading cause for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease –AD-, effects more than 25 million people in the world (Perrone Grant, 2015, p. 1).The neurodegenerative disorder, results in behavioral changes, as well as cognitive including, loss of memory and language skills ( Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Researchers have tracked two leading abnormalities resulting in Alzheimer’s. These two are, amyloid plaques-clumps of protein which form in and around the neurons- and neurofibrillary tangles- insolubleRead MoreDr. Carter s Letter929 Words   |  4 Pagessupport of Dr. Marilyn Carter’s outstanding research work as a scientist in the field of neuroscience. Based on her research skills, publication records, and both her pr oven and ongoing contributions to the field, I am absolutely confident that Dr. Carter will continue to discover new aspects of neurodegenerative diseases and thus facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic methods, ultimately serving the national interests. Before providing further details of Dr. Carter and her research, I wouldRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagessoul.† (Fade to Blank). The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that processes, stores, and recalls information. â€Å"Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerveRead MoreGap In Policy Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesthere have been different interventions, policy programs and approaches to dementia, there still remain a significant amount of gaps in practices. Evaluation studies have shown that even though there is certain evidence showing different forms of interventions for dementia, the amount quality of care provided is poor. For instance, a dementia study had results which revealed that about only 35 percent of suggested care quality indicators being achieved (Reuben et al., 2009). When referring to some factors

Media Eating Disorders - 1607 Words

Introduction The aim of this literature review is to describe the main causes of eating disorders among teenagers aged 12 to 18 years old in high schools globally, and to also explain to what extend do some of these causes influence eating disoders. Recent studies have indicated a major increase in the eating disorder habits and body dissatisfaction in adolescence over the past few decades. This crisis seems most prevalent in females`` than males with 20 percent high school females exhibiting poor eating habits and about 60 percent undergone weight loss attempt (Pritchard and Wilson, 2005). Most affected youngsters endeavor various solutions to cope with this dilemma and in most cases, drug and alcohol abuse and suicide are the worst†¦show more content†¦Additionally, Tiggemann (2001) explained that high levels of stress and the development of eating disorders are connected because in the end, these victims develop coping strategies which may often leads to poor health habits such as alc ohol and drug abuse. Therefore sporting activities influence the way adolescence rate their images to a greater extend (Tiggemann, 2001). Separation Anxiety Barth (2003) states that, â€Å"It sometimes seems that the college experience is tailor-made for the development of eating disorders.† This is usually because many youngsters move away from home to face adult life. This development stage can be exciting and rewarding but also at times difficult. Again, this has an ongoing attempt towards a balance between fear of loneliness and separation and wish for connection and attachment from family to new peers. As a result of coping with emotions, starving, binge eating or excess exercises are practiced. Barth (2003) believes that every eating related symptom results in desperate psychological, emotional, social, physical and cultural factors. Geller at el (2003) describes an example where Marci a teenager shared her previous separation experience like camp. It appeared that the family had not discussed the issue, they had assumed all would be well and therefore she had been frightened but had kept the concerns to herself. In turn she coped with loneliness by binge eating. Therefore Geller at el (2003) concluded that, ifShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders And The Media799 Words   |  4 Pages Eating Disorders and Their Relationship to Images in the Media: Anorexia and Bulimia People around the world are suffering from different eating disorders. Some people simply can’t stop eating which causes overweight. Others, controversially, don’t eat at all causing themselves to end up with hardly treatable eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Such eating disorders are mainly caused by the mass media including advertisements, magazines television and internet. In today s existenceRead MoreEating Disorders and the Media941 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, â€Å"the body type portrayed in advertising as the ideals is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.† (â€Å"ANAD†) Body image has been a controversial theme because of the influence of the media. It is a widely known fact that eating disorder cases are on the rise. The concept of body image is a subjective matter. The common phrase, â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† holds t rue meaning in this sense. One’sRead MoreEating Disorders And The Media3374 Words   |  14 PagesEating Disorders and the Media Eating disorders have become a major problem throughout the world, specifically in the United States. The key factor that has an influence on eating disorders is the media. Including people of all ages and genders, up to twenty-four million people suffer from an eating disorder in the United States (ANAD np). This is a huge problem in the world today but what makes it so much worse is the fact that it can be prevented and it is in our control to change it. Young adultsRead MoreMedia Is The Blame For Eating Disorders844 Words   |  4 Pagesfacebook, snapchat. Today’s media has dominated the way young women see themselves. Young women are constantly comparing themselves to Kendall Jenner, Kim Kardashian, or even their best friend. b. Relevance statement: i. Many people can relate to media being the blame for eating disorders because they’ve either dealt with this or know someone who has had an eating disorder due to what the media says you should look like. c. Thesis statement: i. When thinking of how the media can manipulate your ideaRead MoreEssay on Eating Disorders and the Media2815 Words   |  12 PagesEating Disorders and the Media Question: How does the media alter the perceptions of adolescents body image? How does this exposure to the ideal body lead adolescents to develop eating disorders? Hypothesis: Media exposure creates an ideal body image that is not easily maintained by most adolescents and causes adolescents to be dissatisfied with their bodies and leads to unhealthy diet habits and other more sever eating disorders. Logic of Study: What if the media was limitedRead MoreEssay on Eating Disorders and the Media6828 Words   |  28 PagesEating Disorders and the Media Doctors annually diagnose millions of Americans with eating disorders. Of those diagnosed, ninety percent are women. Most of these women have one of the two most common types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (National Council on Eating Disorders, 2004). People with anorexia nervosa experience heart muscle shrinkage along with slow and irregular heartbeats and eventually heart failure. Along with their heart, their kidney, digestiveRead More The Media Causes Eating Disorders Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages According to the National Eating Disorder Association the media has a major influence on what a woman’s body should look like. Every print and television advertisement suggests that the ideal body is extremely thin. However, most women cannot achieve having a super-thin body that the media favors. The resulting failure leads to negative feelings about one’s self and can begin a downward spiral toward an eating disorder (National Eating Disorders Association). A particularlyRead MoreMedias Influence On Eating Disorders1767 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Dying to be Perfect†: Medias’ Influence on Eating Disorders Poet Allen Ginsberg once said that â€Å"whoever controls the media-the images-controls the culture†, and nothing could be truer than this. Media plays a larger role in society within this generation more than many of us are aware of. It can easily impact people’s lives through aspects such as sports, fashion, movies or hobbies, but unfortunately, one of these impacts is how we view our body. Media constantly posts images and messagesRead MoreEssay The Media Causes Eating Disorders2171 Words   |  9 PagesDuring your lifetime 250,000 people will die due to an eating disorder. Is this really the type of society we want to be a part of? One which causes people to die needlessly due to media influences which cause the augmentation of a detrimental body image? In the eyes of society emaciated celebrities are the embodiment of perfection. This media ideal of thinness presents society with an unrealistic body image and is projected through the means of television, commerc ials and magazines, causing womenRead MoreEssay about Media, Appearance and Eating Disorders1508 Words   |  7 PagesMedia, Appearance and Eating Disorders    Many women are concerned with their appearance. Too many of them are caught up with the image of being skinny and pretty. By seeing all the beautiful, thin women in the media and in society, they may feel insecure about the way they look. Therefore, they try and do anything they can to acquire that appearance. Methods they use to try and achieve this are by self-starvation, known as Anorexia, or induced vomiting, known as Bulimia. Anorexia nervosa and

Australian Broadband System - Policies and Reforms

Question: Choose any one industry and discuss reforms in that industry in Australia which include government competition policy, labour reforms and labour laws, minimum wages, productivity and training and technology (broad band). Answer: Introduction Government reforms relating to broadband network in Australia has been a remarkable reform in the industry. Australian Government has invested a huge sum for implementing the ultra fast fibre-to the-home (FTTH) network relating to broadband to give away a speedy network connection amongst the household as well as commercial purposes. National Broadband Network (NBN) is a project in Australian market to update the network and improve, upgrade the infrastructure for a dynamically enhanced digital system. A better quality connection with the implementation of different technologies is essential for education system, better lifestyle, entertainment, bettered workplace and industries. One of the advantages of NBN over the years has been its high speed. A network development in Australia was under the political and social influence for a number of years. The things did not go as it was actually framed. Unplanned beginning, wrong procedures, social and political influence, unwanted delays all were responsible for a rough start. Reports have also evaluated that when NBN expended a $7.3 billion it only could deliver its network resources to 3, 50,000 buildings or premises, but introduction of fibre to the node (FTTN), fibre to the building (FTTB), long term evolution (LTE), fixed wireless, these architectural designs have made its significance relevant in the eyes of the people by imparting the systems among a good number of premises year after year. Government Competition Policy The Telecommunication and Regulatory reform in Australia brings out a system through which the market shall be neutral competitively and flexible relating to price. The reform shall encourage the developers in the market to provide different upgraded services and also safeguarding of the customers. Both the wireless and satellite services could go hand in hand in the market as and when they are required, they are used accordingly. The government made a total fifty three suggestions or recommendations for calibrating changes in the telecommunication markets. The competition regulation was governed by the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA). The structural issues relating to regulations, overall monitoring of prices, and encouraging new development strategies were some of the key issues of the reform. With response to the suggestions made in relation to the reform the government agreed to make changes in the infrastructural pattern in competitions. New legislations were to be intro duced in Part 7 of the Telecommunications Act 1997 which shall take effect from 1st January, 2017. The act shall also be amended in certain places, in Part 8 specifically. For development or innovation of new products ACCC shall provide with certain instructions. An issue relating to privatization of National Broadband Network was also a key point.(Government, 2014). National Competition Policy was introduced in Australia, in the year 1995. Gradually, reform in the broadband sector took place. But, telecommunication services started liberalizing in the year 1990s only and became popular in the year 1997 as Australian government started selling the telecommunication providers owned by the government itself. The ADSL enabled telephone services are capable of delivering broadband services, in mostly nonmetropolitan areas. With the gradual decrease in cost, the service providers got appropriate controls over the network excepting the copper pair line. In the year 2003, in South Australia (Meningie), an internet service providers inter-node was installed, with this the competition in non commercial infrastructure market took place. The first notable name for competition in the market is Optus (XYZed) for introducing xDSL services and it gave competition to Telstras DSLAMs, and it was in the year 2000. The copper upgrade proposal of Telstra in 2005 and up gradation of the fibre to the node network as well was put on hold; later on an agreement was signed with the company and Optus in 2011 to remedy the same. In later years, Telstra was seen to upgrade their systems and engineering in providing the customers with better experience while surfing net, with a speed up to 8 Mbit/s. Telstra is said to provide almost 3 million retail fixed broadband services. There were companies like Microsoft, Google which sh owed encouragement towards National Broadband Network, Australia and also there were a lot of criticisms and social as well as political pressures for the same. On the other hand, Agile Communication has been significant in providing network connections in rural and regional areas as compared to Telstar. Fixed line broadband and wireless connection, both were acknowledged in this case. The company invested in giving out connections to backward areas with their own microwave network. Later on Government invested a large amount in meeting the network needs in rural and regional areas as well in September, 2006. iiNet brought in the year 2007, the first naked DSL system. With the introduction of this thing, the network connections without telephonic network could be made possible. With the growing development in the broadband industry, the number of people using internet also increased.(Cameron, 2005). During the years 2009-2013 National Broadband Network faced a rollout. For poor decision making, taking short cuts, it faced continuous diminution in its management process. The election pressure also led them to be so. The Coalition and ALP agreed with the government regarding reform thinking that it would provide high speed internet to the regions of Australia. The introduction of fibre optical cable to almost all the buildings in the country and fibre to neighborhood cabinets took almost a decade to reverse the system from copper cables. The ALP completion period is on 2021 and introduction of satellite and fixed wireless customers, creating monopoly power are its motto. The Coalition completion time is on 2019 and its major objective is to allow Telstra and Optus to have a competitive environment using the prevailing network system which was outlined for Pay-tv. The pricing would be kept wholesale. These notable parties would provide a better experience with the networking system in different parts of the country.(Jennett, 2013). The owners of buildings and apartments have to choose between installations of telecommunication equipment into their building for providing services or it would depend upon a network service provided by an autonomous network service provider. If they want to install the device on their own then it shall be checked if the building occupants have any personal choice of opting for a service provider or competition in the future. The regulations imposed by the government are to be properly checked in this regard. The question of end users privacy and net neutrality has seemed to remain a debacle in the Australian network. But, with the integrated companies like Telstra, those problems could be addressed with the better trafficking and improved user experiences. Labor Reforms and Labor Laws In the beginning there was the Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1904 which involved settlement of arguments and misunderstanding in the industries. Later on due to inconsistencies observed, different regulations were introduced. The Workplace Relations Act, 1996, The Work Choices Act, 2005 was enforced thereafter. In the 46th National Conference in December 2011, a new National Platform was given for the labor market. The government indulged in helping and supporting the working families and their children, creation of employment opportunities in changing economy, and investing in infrastructures to welcome better resource facilities. Australian Labor Party won the election held in November, 2007, and particular schemes of improvements were promised by the party for the coming years, but they suffered from real disasters. Labor is dedicated to create a feasible framework for regional network development and it would ensure each and every regions. When both Coalition and Labor wanted to change the prevailing perspective of Australian broadband, labor was observed to be incompetent to meet the objectives within the stipulated time period as promised by the authority before. In the 2007 election, it was promised by Kevin Rudd that an NBN will be completed within the year 2013 which involved almost $ 4.7 billion public funding. But coping up with the continuous disasters and problems, it is heading to meet the objective so slow that it is at gamble if it could be completed within the year 2021. The promised network was present in around 72,600 buildings and this could properly be utilized in only 10, 400 buildings from those 72,400. Different pricing policies, varied download speed, network errors, wrong decision making and poor management system has been the real drawback in the situation. It is unknown whether the stakeholders would be able to earn a promised 7 % return on investment from this National broadband network policies and reforms, as that is also unforeseeable. In the year 2009, it was chosen to be most costly than any other broadband plans in the whole world, where as practically a broadband plan should be such that would meet the optimum efficiency and customers need in a cost effective way. In this way to mitigate the labors problem relating to cost, the fibre were extended to cabinets in basements of premises or within few hundred metres of buildings. With the use of existing copper cables, the expenses could be managed. Coalition was probable of giving more advantage to the customers in comparison than labor. The government though tried hard to neutralizing the competition among the companies, but they remain somewhat the same, the regulations were made to reduce the cost and variety in broadband plans. The regulation naming WorkChoice came into force which suffered from the following attributes: 1. The convention gives out the workers with a choice to do the job or choice of job. 2. The workers when have poor bargaining power only could attract an individual job, and such individual job contract may involve poor and stringent norms. 3. There were only the liberal party and large business industries which were satisfied with the WorkChoice legislation, neither Australian Labor Party nor the Australian Council of Trade Unions were antagonistic to the proposal or legislation for its harshness. 4. The agreement wanted to weaken the collective bargaining power of trade union. The Australian WorkChoice Agreement also suffered when in the year 2007 a lot of workers were suffering from unemployment which covered almost 10.6% in Queensland, 7.7% in Outer Western Melbourne, 9.4% in Tasmania, 7.8% in Northern Adelaide. The unemployment was because the WorkChoice Agreement failed to address its positive impacts in those regions. As the labors broadband of rolling out the fibre to the node network would take place, it would cover almost 98% of the Australian to a high speed network connection and it was hoped to create new job opportunities as it would address the issues relating to governments failure to deliver the fibre to the node infrastructure. There has been an increase in the minimum wages when the West Australian Industrial Relations Commission decided to increase the same by $20 per week. This shall be applicable to all states. The Australian labor party believes in the amount of wage would be provided along with remuneration which will be in a just and equitable manner and should not result in inflated amount of wage or a very low amount of wage as well. The trade agreement shall be such that the minimum wages and remuneration as the case may be, is protected keeping in view the labors skill and competence. Network Technology 1. The fixed line network system involves some fibre optic cable which helps to transmit the data unlike the traditional copper cable system. In copper cable system the probability of loss of data was found to prevail in the system, which could be made good with the introduction of fixed line networks. The fibre optic cable goes from a building to a street and is fixed at the top of a power pole, and that is kept under ground. The service point covers almost sixteen fibre distribution areas and that is capable of providing services to almost a 3200 premises. 2. The fixed line broadband ADSL +2 have been a phenomenal network system, most widely used and very much cost effective. The cost effectiveness is really an important issue when network service is of crucial importance in a business or in day to day activities involving huge data, the cheaper the broadband plan, the better it is. There are good combo offers available in the market, which includes calling rates plans for national as well as international calls along with particular data for online surfing. The disadvantage associated with this technology is a phone line is required to be taken; a modem has to be fit. The connection may be slower than the wireless fidelity network connections. There might be hidden cost involved along with the installation of the telephone line. 3. Bright Telecommunication was the first company to introduce the fibre to the home network system in Australia in the year 2001. A broadband speed of 50 mbps can be provided by the broadband companies. The nation was firstly decided to be regulated with this kind of networking system and later the fixed wireless system came into effect. Since, there has been a change of the regulatory authority in the year 2013; the fibre to the premises roll out was seen as a bit skeptic for the national broadband network which will be involved in a mix of multiple technologies. (Taylor, 2014) NBN Co. has a plan of evolving with the wireless network, which will be a 4G connection. But, this will not cover a good percentage of regions of Australia. Spectrums of 2.3 GHz and 3.4 GHz shall be put to use for accomplishing the setting up of the system. More electronic devices like desktop, laptop, computer, mobile phones, and cameras with operating systems could be used with the help of the wireless fid elity network from the signals of a particular router. The wireless connection can be city wide, campus wide (in case of a workplace, educational institutions). The companies like NBN provide with a user guide for the operational purposes. 4. In Satellite broadband connection a satellite internet dish is provided by some companies or they provide a device. The data is transmitted with the help of radio waves, very small aperture terminal and a dish antenna which is to be fitted in the premises of the customer. A star network topology is followed in the process where each and every network communication, data and information is transmitted through the main processor. The NBN Co. wants to initiate two Ka band satellites. Impact of Australian Broadband in economy and productivity There have been a number of studies which show that the reforms and changes in the telecommunication and broadband networks in Australia have showed positive impact in its economy since the year 1990s. A multifactor productivity growth of 65 to 85 % between the years 1985 to 2002 was observed to have taken placed due to Information and Communication Technology products and mediums. In the year 2001-02 around 2, 89,000 people got job for the introduction of broadband. The e-commerce activity also improved and was made comparatively simple. In later years, mobile broadband and internet also proved to be a boon to the Australian economy as productivity in mobile sector increased by 11.3 % in the year 2013 from the year 2006. Business operation cost also decreased and the overall economic activity of Australia increased in the year 2013 by $33.8 billion (Data taken from (acma, 2014) ). There are about 6 % premises which are not able to get a fixed internet broadband service. About 28 % p remises have a admittance to peak download speed which is between 25 to 110 Mbps. Coaxial cable network, fibre to the node framework and fixed wireless network is also available to almost a 28 % premises (high speed internet). The areas where broadband connections are not properly served are pointed out and NBN would address those regions in the future with better technology. Coaching/Training of Workers and seniors There are short term trainings or course for the broadband programs which is approved by the NBN Co. Australian government has also conducted online lessons regarding computer and internet. Due to the changing computer and internet activity in the industry, people need to stay updated with the environment. A proper knowledge is provided in such training programs. The workers who are involved in specific industries and activities are provided training relating to their field of activity, there are courses which have to be pursued by the workers mandatorily and there are courses which are recommendatory. Courses involve the regulations and rules, the awareness and safety, power awareness, aerial construction, installation of hardware, fibre optical cable etc. The Australian Seniors Computer Clubs Association has also come up a number of training programs, consists of the elementary as well as the specialized programs regarding computers and networks for the seniors. Conclusion The Australian broadband has improved over the years but there are many developed nations, with which Australia lags in competition. When it was said by the honorable Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull in the year 2013 that the Coalitions fibre to the node national broadband network will be able to transmit a maximum of 25 Mbps speed, the same could not be met. But, Australia has been remarkable in utilizing the mobile broadband technology amongst the major OECDs. A huge number of mobile broadband customers with a rate of penetration of 114% were observed during the year 2013. Some of the broadband service providers in Australia are BigPond broadband, Optus Broadband, iiNet Broadband, Telstra business broadband, Internodes Broadband etc. Competitions relating to costs, data packages, speed revolves around these companies which the government has tried to neutralize over the years by implementing certain regulations. There have been major ups and downs in the network systems whi ch were further corrected with the introduction of developed network infrastructure. Although, the broadband technology is not as developed in Australia as many other countries across the globe, but the system has grown over the years keeping in view the underserved regions, and introducing better technologies. Weekly reports are exhibited which points out the overall progress achieved with the NBN projects, the number of regions additionally covered in the week, and with what network technologies with statistics. A corporate plan involving three years is chalked out and uncertainties of any kind are to be considered to resume the program as it is even in the time of contingencies. Such corporate plan was firstly formed with a long term business perspective for the period June 2011 to June 2013. Works Cited acma. (2014, April 4). Mobile broadband boosts the economy. Cameron, A. L. (2005). National Competition Policy and Broadband provisions in Australia. In W. T. Stewart Marshall, Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities with Information and Communication Technology (pp. 506-508). Australia: Idea Group Reference. Eisenach, J. (2014). Australias failed experiment in government-owned broadband. TechPolicyDaily , 1. Government, A. (2014). Telecommunications Regulatory and Structural Reform. Commonwealth of Australia. Harkness, P. (2008). Labor Market Reform in Australia: The New Industrial Relations Law and the Elections. Monthly Reveiw , 4-6. Jennett, G. (2013). Broadband policy: where the parties stand. ABC News , 1-3. Taylor, J. (2014). Fibre to the node becomes default NBN deployment. ZDNet , 1. Taylor, J. (2014). NewSat offers to buy NBN Co satellites. ZDNet , 1-2.

Taxation Law and Practice

Question: Describe about the "Negative Gearing and its Effects". Answer: Introduction Australian investors are making the most of the real estate sector by reaping rich profits from the combination of negative gearing and discounts on capital gains. The housing sector is coming under pressure because of the savings being made by taxpayers on capital gains tax (CGT) because of the loopholes left by negative gearing. The investors are getting encouraged and are taking full advantage of the benefits being rolled out by the Australian taxation Office (ATO). Especially making use of the benefits are the high income individuals whose tax savings are increasing, (Barkoczy, 2015). A survey conducted by The Australia Institute has revealed that these factors are putting the government to a loss of $7 billion annually. The survey also reveals the fact that taxpayers falling in the middle income bracket, who are contributing the highest percentage of tax amount to the ATO, is not getting anything from these benefits. In fact, 67% of the benefit goes to the top 20% of the taxpaye rs and only about 4% of households in the low income earning are being benefited by this scheme, (Barkoczy et al, 2010). When the benefits of negative gearing are combined with the discounts given on capital gains to taxpayers, a vast majority of investors in Australia are being encouraged to invest in the residential property sector, thus pushing-up the prices in this sector. This is also lowering the percentage of the genuine home buyers who want a home for their own use, (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2010). Even the financial institutions are encouraging investment in housing sector with the result that investment is getting concentrated in the limited investment property sector and this is an alarming situation for the Australian economy. Investors are becoming rich at the cost of other peoples money by collecting tax benefits and are also booking their losses against the rental incomes they are earning without paying any tax to the government, (Ault, Arnold Gest, 2010). The Interest Factor in Negative Gearing In the opinion of the taxation experts, and I quote Negative Gearing is a benefit derived by a taxpayer from an investment property in the form of a loss. Unquote. The biggest factor playing a prominent role in this happens to be the interest which the borrower pays on the loan taken from the financial institutions for buying the investment property. The property may or may not earn large amount of rental income, but the borrower gets the advantage of claiming the interest amount from any other assessable income which it declares during the income year in which the interest is being paid, (CCH, 2015). Thus, even if the investment property does not provide any income, it does give an avenue for reducing the tax liability to the borrower[1]. Moreover, if the rental income is low and the expenses incurred on maintaining the investment property are high, the taxpayer can still claim deduction of the excessive expenses from other assessable incomes earned. In other words, the loss being i ncurred by the investor from the investment property is getting compensated by the tax saving being made from the other assessable incomes and the deductible expenses which would also include the interest payment made on loan taken for buying the investment property, (Lindahl, 2008). Taxation experts consider such investments as unusual investments because the government is compensating the loss being generated by the investor. IN the normal course of running a business, the owner tries to make the most from their investments and take utmost care and work with the intention to make profit, (Lindahl, 2008). But in the case of negative geared investment properties, all the investments in the residential investment properties, are made with the sole intention of creating a loss so that the advantage of negative gearing can be taken for availing the permissible deductions. Another factor which favours the investors is that although investors are incurring losses in cash terms on the investment property, the property itself is actually getting increased in value, (Bakker Kloosterhof (ed.). 2010). Capital Gains and Negative Gearing Let this paper take the case of capital gains in situation where an investor sells the investment property. At the time of sale, under normal conditions, the property is worth more than its price when it was purchased, (Bakker Kloosterhof (ed.). 2010). Since the value of the property has increased over the years, the investor is making a capital gain and this will be subjected to capital gains tax (CGT) according to the Australian taxation law. The taxpayer pays CGT on the net value of the capital gain, which is arrived at after deducting all the expenses incurred on maintenance and sale of the property, which the taxpayer can claim from sale amount of the asset, (Barkoczy et al, 2010). The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) introduced a 50% discount in 1999, which was allowable to taxpayers on the net Capital Gain made by them on the sale of a capital asset, provided the asset has been held by the owner for a minimum of 12 months and the net gain is then subjected to the CGT, (Barkoc zy et al, 2010). The purpose was to allow more investment in housing sector by luring the investors with the discount, as the taxpayer was to pay tax on only half of the capital gain amount which was earned from the sale of the investment property. The taxpayer is not only allowed deductions on the ongoing revenue losses (expenses incurred) during the period of ownership of the investment property, it is also getting the advantage of paying income tax on a fraction of the gain which it has made from the sale of the investment property, under the legally admissible negative gearing. This additional discount of 50% allowed on the capital gain amount in fact permits the taxpayer to collect the full amount of the investment made by it, at the expense of the government, (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2010). Effects of Negative Gearing and CGT on Housing In Australia, the ATO has been promoting a generous tax treatment to the investments being made in rental property sector. Unlike most of the advanced countries of the world, taxation in Australia does not follow a set limit for allowing the deductible expenses which a taxpayer can claim against those expenses which are related to investment properties, (McCouat, 2012). In the case of negatively geared properties, investment related expenses, including agent fees, stamp duty charges and the interest paid on the loan amount often exceed the rental income earned. The problem is not addressed logically as the investors are not making any losses because the value of the property increases every year, (McCouat, 2012). The other advantage available to the investor is that capital gains do not get included in the taxpayers taxable income till the property is sold. Hence negative gearing has become the combination of the capital gains, which are taxed at half the marginal tax rate after the sale of the property and the advantage provided to the taxpayer for claiming unlimited deductions on account of the incurred expenses. This taxation system is encouraging taxpayers to borrow more for the purpose of speculating in investment properties, (McCouat, 2012). Australia reports the second highest housing price to income ratio among the member OECD countries. This happens not because the houses in Australia are becoming more costly for the genuine Australian buyers, it also happens because the international property trends are showing that Australia has high level of house pricing in comparison to the other member OECD countries. The size of the losses being claimed by taxpayers from the investment properties has grown since 2000 in Australia. According to the available data, the net rental income in 2000 was $219 million and in the last one decade, this has turned into net rental loss, which in 2012 was $7.9 billion, (Lomas, 2011). Not only the tax revenues are getting reduced because of this combination of Negative Gearing and CGT Discount, it is also contributing to the problem of housing affordability in Australia. Another effect felt is on the increasing housing prices, but this is purely speculative because this is there because of the favourable tax treatment given to the investment properties and this is attracting more investors in buying the rental properties and the additional investors are able to outbid the genuine buyers, (Renton, 2012). Negative Gearing and Rental Income The growing rental loss trend is showing that Australian rental property investors are not concerned with the rental yield gained from the investments but are focussing on the capital gains only and these are being offered to them with the combo-pack of incentives of the negative gearing and the 50% CGT discount. The argument out forward by investors for to the government for not removing negative gearing is that if this is done it will increase the rentals and this will largely affect those majority of low income earners, who are the major users as tenants of the investment properties, (Renton, 2012). And the logic given by the investors is that it is because of the negative gearing factor that the investors are getting encouraged in building more houses for these low income earners. This, they state, is actually responsible in making the rental prices low and more investments has been out in to increase the supply of the rental properties, (Ault, Arnold Gest, 2010). In case this argument is found to be correct, then the major portion of houses which are purchased for availing negative gearing should have been in the new housing sector. On the contrary, a survey of ABS shows that only 6% of investments have been made in the new housing stock and a large segment of investors are buying the existing housing stock, (Ault, Arnold Gest, 2010). This also becomes evident from the data which shows that the percentage of investment loans in the new house segment has declined. In 1992, the loans for new houses were just 18% of the total property loans and presently the figure is only 6%. This shows that more than 94% of loans in the investment housing property sector are for existing housing stock and only a small portion of the investments are being put for producing new housing stock into the market, (Ault, Arnold Gest, 2010). A Few Facts about Negative Gearing Fact 1 The reason for increase in rents in bygone times was because of the higher interest rate, combined with boom in the share market. This resulted in diversion of investments from the rental property market although this was limited only to Sydney and Perth, in fact, lending to rental property investors rose by 42% across Australia, (CCH, 2015). Fact 2 Negative gearing has been the fuel during each housing boom as it has been encouraging speculations in the property sector. In recent times, the impact has been seen as growing because the investors have a more easy access to credit. Moreover, the provision of 50% discount on capital gains, which was introduced in 1999 has also helped in making negative gearing a more attractive proposition for investors, (Barkoczy, 2015). Fact 3 It is wrong to suggest that benefits of negative gearing are majorly enjoyed by those investors who belong to the middle income earning segment in the society. This has been portrayed wrongly as the Taxation Statistics to prove this fact are taken after taking into account the deductions claimed by taxpayers for rental property investment, which are already reduced by negative gearing strategies, (Barkoczy, 2015). Fact 4 Most households which appear in the middle income earning segment are actually high income earning taxpayers but are included in the said segment before the deductions are subtracted from their incomes. Actually, more than 50% of the individual taxpayers involved in the negatively geared rental housing investments are in the top 10% bracket of personal taxpayers whose earnings are above $100,000 and about 30% who earned above $500,000, (Barkoczy, 2015). Negative Gearing and CGT Discount What Can be Changed? When there is a proposal to carry out some changes in negative gearing and CGT discount, it is very essential for those in the authority to consider how to retain the positive aspects of the current policy in the revised policy and also to consider a smooth transitional arrangements, (Renton, 2012). Negative gearing should be used for creating additional new houses to be built but as the discussion above shows, this can happen only in small numbers. Any proposal for reforming the policy should also take into account that negative gearing is only for the new houses and that to for the limited period. Such a change will not impact the investors who are planning of buying new housing stock only to avail negative gearing. Such changes in the policy framework will only make a positive impact on the building of new houses, (Lomas, 2011). Taxpayers who are wanting to invest money in residential property sector are finding that buying a house from the new house stock gives a bigger tax advantage as compared to buying from an existing housing stock. This increases the low investment rate being experienced presently in the new house stocks for rental investment properties. When a change in policies is made and which will affect the residential investment properties, it is important for the authorities not to frame such policies which may develop a sudden change in the property sector. If negative gearing can be restricted currently only for new investment property stocks, there is always the possibility that large number of unsold investment properties will be left unsold in the real estate sector and this will cause an instability in the prices of the houses, (Lomas, 2011). Conclusion Currently, the housing policy issue has become a diverse economic agenda for the Australian economy. Taxation experts speculate if it will be bad or good for the countrys economy if housing prices start increasing in Australia. The experts are of the view that answers to these speculative questions will be different for every individual. This is so because different people will offer different points of view and their views will depend chiefly on the type of house they own now or wish to buy one in the near future. Such situations may be good only for the investor who either has an investment property or who is looking for opportunities to downsize their present house or for those who are planning to move from a highly expensive area to a less expensive area. Such speculations, in their true meaning, are quite adverse for those taxpayers who are planning to buy their first home or for those who wish to buy a bigger house because their family is growing. References Ault, H. J., Arnold, B. J. and Gest, G. (2010) Comparative income taxation: a structural analysis. (3rd ed.) Amsterdam: Kluwer Law International. Bakker, A. and Kloosterhof, S. (ed.). (2010) Tax risk management. Amsterdam: IBFD. Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N. (2010) Australian Tax Casebook. (10th ed.) Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S. (2015) Australian Tax Case book, (12th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. CCH. (2015) Australian Master Tax Guide. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lindahl, D. (2008) How Small Investors Can Get Started and Make It Big. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Lomas, M. (2011) How to Invest in Managed Funds. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. McCouat, P. (2012) Australian Master GST Guide. (13th ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. A. and Devos, K. (2010) Australian Taxation Study Manual: Questions and Suggested Solutions. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Renton, N. E. (2012) Family Trusts: A Plain English Guide for Australian Families of Average Means. (4th ed.) Milton, QLD: John Wiley Sons. Taxation Law and Practice Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law and Practice. Answer: Tax implication on sale and purchase of house As per the regulation of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, an individual is required to pay tax on capital gain that arises due to sale of capital assets that includes sale of property. However, individual taxpayers are entitled to claim exemption on capital gain tax provided the required criteria under ITAA 97 be satisfied. The regulation of ITAA 97 on capital gain tax exemption provides that if the individual sells the property, which is main residence, including the adjoining land up to 2 hectares utilized for the purpose of domestic use (Ato.gov.au 2016). However, it is essential for the taxpayer to have only one residence during the taxation year while the taxpayer is entitled to own a new house against the sale of old house within a overlapping period of six months (Hulse and Burke 2015). Additionally, capital gain tax exemption under ITAA 97 provides that the taxpayer can claim exemption only the property has been used for residential purpose for minimum three continuous periods during the span of 12 months before its sale. Further, regulations under Australian Taxation Office provide that the property should not be rented in the same period of 12 months (Austlii.edu.au 2016). It is given that; you have acquired the old house on 31 October 1987, which is your main residence at present. Cost of acquisition was $190,000 including the legal cost of $1,900 and stamps duty $4,850 stating that you stayed in the house since its acquisition except for a period 31 December 2006 to 31 December 2014. As per the provisions of ITAA 97, it is essential that the taxpayer use the property for at least three continuous periods during 12 months time before its sale. Therefore if you sell the main residence during the month of December 2016, it is essential to use the house property for at least three continuous months between the period December 2015 and December 2016 (Rogers, Lee and Yan 2015). On the contrary, in case you acquire a new house against the sale of old one, maximum overlap period can be six months i.e. you need to purchase the new house within June 2017 to claim the exemption referring to the case of Hepples v. FC of T 91 ATC 4808, (1991) 22 ATR 465. If the above conditions are satisfied, you are entitled to claim exemption on the net taxable capital gain from the sale of house against the purchase of new one that can be determined either by using indexation method or by following discounting method @50% (Mangioni and Warren 2014). Considering the cost of acquisition and repairs cost of the old house, taxable capital gain from indexation method would be $186,827 while $ 135,525 using discounting method. Hence, maximum amount of exemption you can claim will be the total acquisition cost of new house. Assessable Capital Gain from old house Indexation method Amount $ Expected sales consideration 480,000.00 Less: Total cost of acquisition Cost on 31 October 1987 190,000.00 Indexed cost of acquisition 274,222.69 Legal cost 1,900.00 Stamp duty 4,850.00 Total cost of acquisition 280,972.69 Add: cost of repairs for the purpose of sale Repainting 6,200.00 Fence construction 3,600.00 Repair the front porch 2,400.00 Total cost incurred 293,172.69 Profit on sale of property 186,827.31 Discounting method Expected sales consideration 480,000.00 Less: Total cost of acquisition Cost on 31 October 1987 190,000.00 Legal cost 1,900.00 Stamp duty 4,850.00 Total cost of acquisition 196,750.00 Add: cost of repairs for the purpose of sale Repainting 6,200.00 Fence construction 3,600.00 Repair the front porch 2,400.00 Total cost incurred 208,950.00 Profit on sale of property 271,050.00 Discount @50% 135,525.00 Net taxable amount 135,525.00 (Source: Created by Author) Tax implications on the house expenditures In view of the regulations of ITAA 97 on capital gains, an individual taxpayer is eligible to claim deduction on the expenses incurred to acquire the capital asset along with the expenses incurred to improve the property in connection with the sale. Further, it is essential to incur such expenses only for the specific property or capital asset. Therefore, you are eligible to claim deduction on the expenses incurred for acquiring the property while determining the assessable amount of capital gain. Apart from that, expenses incurred during the current year for the purpose of repairing and improvement can be claimed as deduction in connection with sale of old house (McKerchar, Bloomquist and Pope 2013). Hence, total amount of expenses to be claimed (subject to indexation) is as follows: Amount $ Cost of acquisition on 31 October 1987 190,000.00 Legal cost 1,900.00 Stamp duty 4,850.00 Total cost of acquisition 196,750.00 Add: cost of repairs for the purpose of sale Repainting 6,200.00 Fence construction 3,600.00 Repair the front porch 2,400.00 Total cost to be claimed for deduction 208,950.00 (Source: Created by Author) Tax implications on apple watch and bravery medal Gifts received by the taxpayers are non-taxable as per the regulations of ITAA 97 if the gift has been received from the relatives or family members. However, if the gift has been received for personal benefits then the same cannot be claimed as deduction. Further, the taxpayer is entitled to claim deduction on gifts if it is received in terms of money or property as well as the value is more than $2. It is mentioned that the gift has been received in favor of saving a boy from shark attack i.e. Apple watch worth $650 will not be included in the assessable income since there was no personal benefit. Similarly, bravery medal received for saving the boy will also not attract taxability under ITAA 97 because it was neither a property nor it attracts any personal benefit. Assessability and deductibility of items to determine the taxable income for the year ended 30 June 2016: In order to determine the taxable income under ITAA 97, any income received during the taxation year is included in the taxable income while expenses are deductible if the expenses have been incurred to generate such income. However, there are certain incomes received by individuals fall under the exemption criteria including perquisites or allowances received under employment. Therefore, salary income against the occupation of teacher amounted to $72,000 would be included in the assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2016. Franked dividends received from Telstra Shares would be taxed as per the imputation system since the company attributed the dividend tax to the shareholders (Ato.gov.au 2016). Further, as the dividend is franked dividend, Telstra Company is required to state the amount of frank credit to claim the difference amount. Holiday received for opening a new savings account valued to $3,200 will be considered as gift that does not consider personal benefit as well as it neither a monetary gift nor a property. Therefore, it will not be assessable in the taxable income. Family Tax Benefit received for 10 years son would be attracted if the son is dependent and younger than 20 years as well as you meet the income test, in view of the case Jayatilake v FC of T (1991) 101 ALR. As per the rates provided under the regulations of FTB Part B, maximum amount to be received for 10 years old child amounted to $3,186.45 per year. Since the amount received $1,300 is lower than the threshold limit, the entire amount i.e. $1,300 will be exempted from the assessable income. Purchase of work clothing and shoes amounted to $450 is to be claimed as deduction since it is related to the work used for generating salary income with reference to the case of FC of T v. Edwards ( 1993) 93 ATC 5162. Cost of private car would be deductible to extent used for school purposes which was 5,600 km while the balance 19,400 km was used for personal purpose. Accordingly, the expenses on car can be deductible by using two methods i.e. cents per kilometer method or logbook method. In order to claim deduction under logbook method, it is essential for you to keep a logbook record for continuous 12 weeks while you must have the ownership. It is important to record all the trips related to work and personal use along with the maintenance of expenditure receipts. Another significant criteria required to be followed is the completion of logbook procedure once in five years or less (Ato.gov.au 2016). As per the regulations of ATO, an individual teacher is entitled to claim deduction for work related expenses on study costs and laptops (Wilkins 2014). Therefore amount of $3,650 including the cost of laptop purchased on 1.02.16 would be deductible as decided in the case of FC of T v. Finn (1961) 106 CLR 60. Superannuation contribution can be claimed as deduction as per the principles under Australian Taxation Office that is allowed for the salaried individual. Hence $3,000 on personal superannuation contribution would be deductible. Tax Agent fees incurred to manage own tax is deductible as per the legislation under Australian Taxation Office that is incurred to prepare or lodge the return on tax and other taxation advice. Hence, $750 for tax agent fees would be deductible. Taxable Income for the year ended 30 June 2016: Income from Salary 72,000.00 Less: Work related expenses Purchase of work clothing and shoes 450.00 Use of private car: 3,915.52 a) Cents per km method: 66 cents per km up to maximum of 5,000 per car 5,000 km out of 5,600 km * 0.66 cents 3,300.00 b) Logbook method Percentage of use for work purpose (5600/25000) km = 22.4% Total Cost incurred Registration and Insurance 1,700.00 Fuel 2,080.00 Speeding fine 450.00 Repairs and Services 750.00 Depreciation (for the period of use) 12,500.00 17,480.00 Entitled car expense (22.4% on $17480) 3,915.52 Since the deduction amount is higher in logbook method, it will be claimed as deduction Cost of study including laptop 3,650.00 Net income from work 63,984.48 Add: Franked dividends 2,850.00 Holiday receipt- Exempted Family tax Benefit- Exempted Less: Superannuation contribution 3,000.00 Less: Tax agent fees 750.00 Net taxable income 63,084.48 (Source: Created by Author) Tax payable/ (refundable) for the year ended 30 June 2016 Tax payable will determined based on the tax rates applicable from the year July 1 2015 provided by ATO along with the Medicare levy. Marginal tax is not applicable since the total taxable income is less than the threshold $87,000. Further, as per the legislation provided by ATO on PAYG withholding i.e. Pay as you go is required to be adjusted with the assessable amount of tax payable reference to the case of Chevron Australia Holdings Pty Ltd v FC of T (2015) FCA 1092. In case the PAYG amount exceeds the determined tax liability then the excess amount is to be claimed as refundable from the federal government of Australia (Ato.gov.au 2016). Tax Payable/ Refundable Net Taxable income 63,084.48 Taxable income on 0- $18,200 Nil Taxable income on $18,201- $37,000 3,572.00 Taxable income on $37,001- $63,084.48 8,477.13 Total tax 12,049.13 Add: Medicare levy @2% 240.98 Marginal tax rate is not applicable since the taxable income is less than $87,000 - Total tax payable 12,290.11 Less: PAYG withholding from salary 15,900.00 Tax refundable for the year ended 30 June 2016 -3,609.89 (Source: Created by Author) Reference List and Bibliography Ato.gov.au. 2016. Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au [Accessed 16 Dec. 2016]. Austlii.edu.au. 2016. Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/ [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016]. Dridi, W. and Boubaker, A., 2015. An Assessment of the Linkage between Financial Reporting and Taxation in Tunisia.International Business Research,8(4), p.168. Fouarge, D., Schils, T. and De Grip, A., 2013. 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Commuting-related fringe benefits in the Netherlands: Interrelationships and company, employee and location characteristics.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,77, pp.358-371. Rogers, D., Lee, C.L. and Yan, D., 2015. The politics of foreign investment in Australian housing: Chinese investors, translocal sales agents and local resistance.Housing Studies,30(5), pp.730-748. Wilkins, R., 2014. Evaluating the Evidence on Income Inequality in Australia in the 2000s.Economic Record,90(288), pp.63-89.